![]() The authors of indicated that LCA is characterized by certain aspects that most assessment tools may not be able to address. The application of LCA expanded to encompass a wide range of products and systems and was widely used in studies by both industry and governments. The 1970s saw a silent period, but during the 1980s and 1990s, there were increasing efforts toward developing the methodology associated with LCA, leading to collaborations and interaction between universities and the scientific community. ![]() One of the earliest LCA studies was in packaging, concentrating on energy use and emissions, which impelled an extensive and chaotic development of the tool in the US and Northern Europe. LCA is also described as a tool to evaluate potential environmental impacts and the resources utilized through the life cycle of a product, i.e., from raw material procurement, through production and use, to waste management (ISO/TC 207/SC 5, 2007). ![]() ISO 14040:2006 describes the principles and framework for LCA. The idea of life cycle assessment (LCA) was initiated in the 1960s, when environmental degradation and access to resources became a concern.
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